Kafukufuku Wokhudza Kubwerera kwa Moto kwa Zipangizo Zamagalimoto ndi Momwe Zimagwiritsidwa Ntchito ndi Ulusi Wobwerera kwa Moto M'magalimoto

Kafukufuku Wokhudza Kubwerera kwa Moto kwa Zipangizo Zamagalimoto ndi Momwe Zimagwiritsidwa Ntchito ndi Ulusi Wobwerera kwa Moto M'magalimoto

Chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa makampani opanga magalimoto mwachangu, magalimoto—ogwiritsidwa ntchito poyenda kapena kunyamula katundu—akhala zida zofunika kwambiri pa miyoyo ya anthu. Ngakhale magalimoto amapereka zinthu zosavuta, amakhalanso ndi zoopsa zachitetezo, monga ngozi za pamsewu ndi kuyaka mwadzidzidzi. Chifukwa cha malo ochepa komanso zinthu zamkati zomwe zimatha kuyaka, moto ukangoyamba m'galimoto, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuwongolera, zomwe zimaika miyoyo ndi katundu wa okwera. Chifukwa chake, chitetezo cha moto m'magalimoto chiyenera kukhala nkhawa yayikulu kwa ogwiritsa ntchito.

Zifukwa za moto wa magalimoto nthawi zambiri zimagawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa:
(1) Zinthu zokhudzana ndi magalimoto, kuphatikizapo mavuto amagetsi, kutayikira kwa mafuta, ndi kukangana kwa makina komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kosayenerera, kukhazikitsa, kapena kukonza.
(2) Zinthu zakunja, monga kugundana, kugubuduzika, kuwotcha, kapena magwero oyatsira moto osayang'aniridwa.

Magalimoto atsopano amphamvu, okhala ndi mabatire amphamvu amphamvu kwambiri, amakhala ndi moto wochepa chifukwa cha kugundana, kubowola, kutentha komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri, kapena mphamvu yamagetsi yochulukirapo ikamalizidwa mwachangu.

01 Kafukufuku Wokhudza Kubweza Moto kwa Zipangizo Zamagalimoto

Kuphunzira zinthu zoletsa moto kunayamba kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 ku United States. Chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo m'zaka zaposachedwapa, pakhala kufunikira kwatsopano kofufuza za zinthu zoletsa moto m'magalimoto, makamaka m'magawo otsatirawa:

Choyamba, kafukufuku wa chiphunzitso chokhudza kuletsa moto. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, ofufuza ku China aika patsogolo kwambiri kuphunzira njira zoyatsira moto za ulusi ndi mapulasitiki osiyanasiyana, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoletsa moto.

Chachiwiri, kupanga zinthu zoletsa moto. Pakadali pano, pali mitundu yambiri ya zinthu zoletsa moto zomwe zikupangidwa. Padziko lonse lapansi, zinthu monga PPS, ulusi wa kaboni, ndi ulusi wagalasi zagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana.

Chachitatu, kafukufuku pa nsalu zoletsa moto. Nsalu zoletsa moto ndizosavuta kupanga ndipo zimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti nsalu za thonje zoletsa moto zapangidwa kale bwino, kafukufuku pa nsalu zina zoletsa moto akadali ochepa ku China.

Chachinayi, malamulo ndi njira zoyesera zinthu zoletsa moto.

Zipangizo zamkati zamagalimoto zitha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu:

1. Zipangizo zopangidwa ndi ulusi (monga mipando, makapeti, malamba achitetezo)—zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso zomwe zimakumana mwachindunji ndi okwera.
2. Zipangizo zopangidwa ndi pulasitiki.
3. Zipangizo zopangidwa ndi rabara.

Zipangizo zopangidwa ndi ulusi, zomwe zimatha kuyaka kwambiri komanso zili pafupi ndi okwera, zimakhala zoopsa kwambiri pakagwa moto. Kuphatikiza apo, zida zina zamagalimoto, monga mabatire ndi mainjini, zimakhala pafupi ndi nsalu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti moto usafalikire. Chifukwa chake, kuphunzira za kuchedwa kwa moto kwa zipangizo zamkati mwa magalimoto ndikofunikira kuti anthu achedwe kuyaka ndikupereka nthawi yochulukirapo yothawirako.

02 Kugawa kwa Ulusi Wobweza Moto

Mu ntchito za nsalu zamafakitale, nsalu zamagalimoto zimakhala ndi gawo lalikulu. Galimoto yapakati yonyamula anthu imakhala ndi zinthu zamkati zolemera pafupifupi 20–40 kg, zomwe zambiri ndi nsalu, kuphatikizapo zophimba mipando, ma cushion, malamba achitetezo, ndi zopumira mutu. Zinthuzi zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi chitetezo cha madalaivala ndi okwera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuletsa moto kuti zichepetse kufalikira kwa moto ndikuwonjezera nthawi yothawira.

Ulusi woletsa motoAmatanthauzidwa ngati ulusi womwe suyatsa kapena kupsa mokwanira ukakhudzana ndi gwero la moto, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti moto ukhale wochepa komanso umazimitsa wokha mwachangu gwero la moto likachotsedwa. Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyesa kuyaka, ndipo LOI yoposa 21% imasonyeza kuyaka kochepa.

Ulusi woletsa moto umagawidwa m'magulu awiri:

1. Ulusi Wosatha wa Moto Wochokera Kwachibadwa
   Ulusi uwu uli ndi magulu oletsa moto omwe amamangidwa mkati mwa unyolo wawo wa polima, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutentha kukhale kolimba, zimawonjezera kutentha kwa zinthu zomwe zimawonongeka, zimaletsa kupanga mpweya woyaka, komanso zimapangitsa kuti zinthu ziyambe kuuma. Zitsanzo zake ndi izi:

• Ulusi wa Aramid (monga para-aramid, meta-aramid)
• Ulusi wa polyimide (monga Kermel, P84)
• Ulusi wa Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)
• Ulusi wa Polybenzimidazole (PBI)
• Ulusi wa Melamine (monga Basofil)

Ulusi wa Meta-aramid, polysulfonamide, polyimide, ndi PPS wapangidwa kale ku China.

1. Ulusi Wosintha Wobweza Moto
   Ulusi uwu umatha kuletsa moto kudzera mu zowonjezera kapena mankhwala ophera pamwamba, kuphatikizapo:

• Polyester yoteteza moto
• Nayiloni yoletsa moto
• Viscose yoletsa moto
• Polypropylene yoletsa moto

Njira zosinthira zimaphatikizapo copolymerization, blending, composite spinning, grafting, ndi post-finishing.

03 Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ulusi Woteteza Moto Wapamwamba Poteteza Magalimoto

Zipangizo zoletsa moto zamagalimoto ziyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zinazake chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa malo. Mosiyana ndi ntchito zina, zipangizozi ziyenera kukana kuyaka kapena kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa kuyaka kolamulidwa (monga, ≤70 mm/mphindi pa magalimoto onyamula anthu).

Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zotsatirazi zikuphatikizidwanso:

• Utsi wochepa komanso mpweya woipa wochepakuonetsetsa kuti okwera ali otetezeka.
• Katundu wotsutsana ndi malo okhazikikakupewa moto woyambitsidwa ndi nthunzi ya mafuta kapena kusonkhanitsa fumbi.

Ziwerengero zikusonyeza kuti galimoto iliyonse imagwiritsa ntchito nsalu zokwana 20–42 m², zomwe zikusonyeza kuti nsalu zamagalimoto zimatha kukula kwambiri. Nsalu zimenezi zimagawidwa m'magulu awiri, makamaka zokongoletsa, ndipo zimagogomezera kwambiri magwiridwe antchito—makamaka kuchedwa kwa moto—chifukwa cha nkhawa za chitetezo.

Nsalu zotchingira moto zomwe zimagwira ntchito bwino zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu:

• Zophimba mipando
• Mapanelo a zitseko
• Zingwe za matayala
• Matumba a mpweya
• Madenga ophimba denga
• Zipangizo zotetezera phokoso ndi zotetezera kutentha

Nsalu zosalukidwa zopangidwa ndi polyester, ulusi wa kaboni, polypropylene, ndi ulusi wagalasi zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri m'nyumba zamagalimoto.

Kulimbikitsa mkati mwa magalimoto oletsa moto sikuti kumangowonjezera chitetezo cha okwera komanso kumathandiza kuti anthu azikhala bwino.