Kugwiritsa ntchito zomatira / zomatira / zotetezera moto zomangira
Malo omanga:Kukhazikitsa zitseko zozimitsira moto, ma firewall, ndi ma fireboards
Gawo lamagetsi ndi lamagetsi:Mabodi a circuit, zida zamagetsi
Makampani opanga magalimoto:Mipando, ma dashboard, mapanelo a zitseko
Malo ochitira ndege:Zida zoyendera ndege, kapangidwe ka zombo zamlengalenga
Zinthu zapakhomo:Mipando, pansi, mapepala ophimba mapepala
Tepi Yosamutsa Yokhala ndi Moto Wosatha:Zabwino kwambiri pa zitsulo, thovu ndi mapulasitiki monga polyethylene
Kugwira ntchito kwa Zoletsa Moto
Zinthu zoletsa moto zimaletsa kapena kuchedwetsa kufalikira kwa moto mwa kuletsa zochita za mankhwala mu motowo kapena kupanga gawo loteteza pamwamba pa chinthu.
Zitha kusakanikirana ndi zinthu zoyambira (zowonjezera zoletsa moto) kapena zolumikizidwa ndi mankhwala (zoletsa moto zogwira ntchito). Zinthu zoletsa moto za mchere nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowonjezera pomwe zinthu zachilengedwe zimatha kukhala zowonjezera kapena zowonjezera.
Kupanga Chomatira Chosapsa Moto
Moto uli ndi magawo anayi:
Kuyambitsa
Kukula
Boma Lokhazikika, ndi
Kuwola
Kuyerekeza kwa Kutentha kwa Kuwonongeka kwa Chomatira Chodziwika cha Thermoset
Ndi Omwe Afikira M'magawo Osiyanasiyana a Moto
Boma lililonse lili ndi kutentha kofanana ndi komwe kumawonongeka monga momwe zasonyezedwera pachithunzichi. Popanga guluu woletsa moto, opanga zinthu ayenera kuyesetsa kupereka kukana kutentha pamalo oyenera pamoto:
● Mwachitsanzo, popanga zinthu zamagetsi, guluu uyenera kuletsa vuto lililonse la chipangizo chamagetsi kuti chigwire moto - kapena kuyambitsa - ngati pali vuto la kutentha.
● Pa matailosi kapena mapanelo omangirira, zomatira ziyenera kukana kugawanika pakukula ndi kukhazikika, ngakhale zitakhudzana mwachindunji ndi lawi.
● Ayeneranso kuchepetsa mpweya woipa ndi utsi wotuluka. Nyumba zonyamula katundu zitha kukumana ndi magawo onse anayi a moto.
Kuchepetsa Kuyaka kwa Moto
Kuti muchepetse nthawi yoyaka moto, njira imodzi kapena zingapo zomwe zimayambitsa moto ziyenera kuchotsedwa ndi chimodzi mwa izi:
● Kuchotsa mafuta osasunthika, monga momwe zimakhalira poziziritsa
● Kupanga chotchinga kutentha, monga mwa kuyatsa moto, motero kuchotsa mafuta mwa kuchepetsa kusamutsa kutentha, kapena
● Kuzimitsa kayendedwe ka unyolo mu moto, monga powonjezera zinthu zoyenera zowononga ma radical
Zowonjezera zoletsa moto zimachita izi mwa kuchita mankhwala ndi/kapena mwakuthupi mu gawo lofupikitsidwa (lolimba) kapena mu gawo la mpweya popereka imodzi mwa ntchito izi:
●Opanga Char:Kawirikawiri zinthu za phosphorous, zomwe zimachotsa gwero la mafuta a carbon ndikupereka gawo loteteza kutentha kwa moto. Pali njira ziwiri zopangira ma char:
Kuwongolera kusintha kwa machitidwe a mankhwala omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu m'malo mwa kusintha komwe kumabweretsa kaboni m'malo mwa CO kapena CO2 ndi
Kupanga gawo la pamwamba la choteteza
●Zoyamwitsa kutentha:Kawirikawiri zitsulo zimasungunuka, monga aluminiyamu trihydrate kapena magnesium hydroxide, zomwe zimachotsa kutentha mwa kusuntha madzi kuchokera ku kapangidwe ka choletsa moto.
●Zozimitsira moto:Kawirikawiri ma halogen okhala ndi bromine kapena chlorine omwe amasokoneza zomwe zimachitika mu lawi.
● Ogwirizana:Kawirikawiri mankhwala a antimoni, omwe amathandiza kuti chozimitsira moto chigwire ntchito bwino.
Kufunika kwa Zinthu Zoletsa Moto Pakuteteza Moto
Zinthu zoletsa moto ndi zofunika kwambiri poteteza moto chifukwa sizimangochepetsa chiopsezo choyambitsa moto, komanso chofalikira. Izi zimawonjezera nthawi yothawirako ndipo motero zimateteza anthu, katundu, ndi chilengedwe.
Pali njira zambiri zokhazikitsira guluu ngati choletsa moto. Tiyeni timvetse bwino momwe zinthu zoletsa moto zimagawidwira mwatsatanetsatane.
Kufunika kwa zomatira zoletsa moto kukuchulukirachulukira ndipo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kukukulirakulira ku zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana za mafakitale kuphatikizapo ndege, zomangamanga, zamagetsi ndi mayendedwe apagulu (makamaka sitima).
1: Chifukwa chake, chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri ndichakuti chikhale cholimba/chosayaka kapena, chabwino kwambiri, choletsa malawi - choletsa moto moyenera.
2: Guluu sayenera kutulutsa utsi wambiri kapena woopsa.
3: Guluu ayenera kusunga kapangidwe kake kutentha kwambiri (akhale ndi kukana kutentha mokwanira).
4: Zinthu zomatira zowola siziyenera kukhala ndi zinthu zina zoopsa.
Zikuoneka ngati zovuta kupanga guluu lomwe lingakwaniritse zofunikira izi - ndipo pakadali pano, kukhuthala, mtundu, liwiro lochiritsa ndi njira yabwino yochiritsira, kudzaza mipata, magwiridwe antchito amphamvu, kuyendetsa bwino kutentha, ndi kulongedza sizinaganiziridwepo nkomwe. Koma akatswiri opanga mankhwala amasangalala ndi vuto labwino kotero BWERETSANI!
Malamulo okhudza chilengedwe nthawi zambiri amakhala okhudzana ndi mafakitale ndi madera osiyanasiyana
Gulu lalikulu la zinthu zoletsa moto zomwe zaphunziridwa zapezeka kuti zili ndi mbiri yabwino yokhudza chilengedwe komanso thanzi. Izi ndi izi:
● Ammonium polyphosphate
● Aluminium diethylphosphinate
● Aluminiyamu hydroxide
● Magnesium hydroxide
● Melamine polyphosphate
● Dihydrooxaphosphaphenanthrene
● Zinki
● Zinc hydroxstannate
Kulephera kwa moto
Zomatira zimatha kupangidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi sikelo yotsika ya kuletsa moto - nazi tsatanetsatane wa magulu a Underwriters Laboratory Testing. Monga opanga zomatira, tikuwona zopempha makamaka za UL94 V-0 ndipo nthawi zina za HB.
UL94
● HB: kuyaka pang'onopang'ono pa chitsanzo chopingasa. Kuchuluka kwa kuyaka <76mm/mphindi chifukwa cha makulidwe <3mm kapena kusiya kuyaka isanafike 100mm
● V-2: (wowongoka) kuyaka kumasiya pakatha masekondi osakwana 30 ndipo madontho aliwonse a moto akhoza kukhala akuyaka
● V-1: (wowongoka) kuyaka kumasiya pakatha masekondi osakwana 30, ndipo madontho amaloledwa (koma ayenera kuloledwa).osatikukhala woyaka)
● Kuwotcha kwa V-0 (koyima) kumasiya pakatha masekondi osachepera 10, ndipo madontho amaloledwa (koma ayenera kuloledwa).osatikukhala woyaka)
● Kuyaka kwa 5VB (vertical plaque specimen) kumasiya pakatha masekondi osapitirira 60, palibe madontho; chitsanzocho chingapange dzenje.
● 5VA monga momwe zilili pamwambapa koma siziloledwa kupanga dzenje.
Magulu awiri omalizawa angakhudze gulu lolumikizidwa osati chitsanzo cha guluu.
Kuyesaku ndikosavuta ndipo sikufuna zida zapamwamba, nayi njira yoyambira yoyesera:
Zingakhale zovuta kwambiri kuchita mayeso awa pa zomatira zina zokha. Makamaka pa zomatira zomwe sizingachiritsidwe bwino kunja kwa cholumikizira chotsekedwa. Pankhaniyi, mutha kuyesa pakati pa zinthu zomangira zolumikizidwa. Komabe, guluu wa epoxy ndi zomatira za UV zitha kuchiritsidwa ngati chitsanzo choyesera cholimba. Kenako, ikani chitsanzo choyeseracho m'kamwa mwa choyimitsa. Sungani chidebe cha mchenga pafupi, ndipo tikukulimbikitsani kwambiri kuti muchite izi pansi pa chotulutsira kapena mu kabati yophikira utsi. Musayatse ma alamu aliwonse a utsi! Makamaka omwe amalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi ogwira ntchito zadzidzidzi. Gwirani chitsanzocho pamoto ndipo onani nthawi yomwe ingatenge kuti lawi lizime. Yang'anani ngati pali madontho aliwonse pansi pake (ndikukhulupirira kuti muli ndi thireyi yotayidwa; apo ayi, salani bwino pa worktop yabwino).
Akatswiri a mankhwala omatira amaphatikiza zowonjezera zingapo kuti apange zomatira zoletsa moto - ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale kuzimitsa moto (ngakhale kuti izi n'zovuta kuzikwaniritsa masiku ano chifukwa opanga katundu ambiri akupempha mitundu yopanda halogen).
Zowonjezera pa zomatira zosagwira moto ndi monga
● Mankhwala opangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe omwe amathandiza kuchepetsa kutentha ndi utsi komanso kuteteza zinthu zomwe zili pansi pake kuti zisapse kwambiri.
● Zoyamwitsa kutentha, izi ndi zitsulo zomwe zimathandiza kuti guluu likhale ndi mphamvu zabwino zotenthetsera (nthawi zambiri, zomatira zozimitsa moto zimasankhidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito polumikiza sinki yotenthetsera komwe kumafunika mphamvu zambiri zotenthetsera).
Ndi bwino kusamala chifukwa zowonjezerazi zimayambitsa kusokoneza zinthu zina monga mphamvu, rheology, liwiro lochira, kusinthasintha ndi zina zotero.
Kodi pali kusiyana pakati pa zomatira zosagwira moto ndi zomatira zosagwira moto?
Inde! Zilipo. Mawu onse awiriwa afotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi, koma mwina ndi bwino kufotokoza nkhaniyi molondola.
Zomatira zosagwira moto
Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zinthu monga simenti zomatira ndi zomatira. Sizimayaka ndipo zimapirira kutentha kwambiri. Ntchito za mitundu iyi ya zinthu zimaphatikizapo, uvuni wophulika, uvuni ndi zina zotero. Sizichita chilichonse kuti gulu lisayaka. Koma zimagwira ntchito yabwino kwambiri pogwirizanitsa zinthu zonse zoyaka pamodzi.
Zomatira zoletsa moto
Izi zimathandiza kuzimitsa moto ndikuchepetsa kufalikira kwa moto.
Makampani ambiri amafuna mitundu iyi ya zomatira
● Zipangizo zamagetsi- poyika ndi kuyika zinthu zamagetsi m'miphika, zotenthetsera zolumikizira, ma circuit board ndi zina zotero. Makina afupiafupi amagetsi amatha kuyambitsa moto mosavuta. Koma ma PCB ali ndi zinthu zoletsa moto - nthawi zambiri ndikofunikira kuti zomatira zikhale ndi izi.
● Kapangidwe ka nyumba– kuvala ndi pansi (makamaka m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri) nthawi zambiri sikuyenera kuyaka ndipo ziyenera kulumikizidwa ndi guluu woletsa moto.
● Mayendedwe a anthu onse- magaleta a sitima, mkati mwa mabasi, ma tram ndi zina zotero. Kugwiritsa ntchito zomatira zoletsa moto kumaphatikizapo ma panel ophatikizana, pansi, ndi zina zowonjezera. Zomatirazi sizimangothandiza kuletsa kufalikira kwa moto. Koma zimapereka cholumikizira chokongola popanda kufunika kokhala ndi zomatira zosawoneka bwino (komanso zosasangalatsa).
● Ndege– monga tanenera kale, zipangizo zamkati mwa nyumba zili pansi pa malamulo okhwima. Ziyenera kukhala zoletsa moto ndipo siziyenera kudzaza nyumbayo ndi utsi wakuda panthawi ya moto.
Miyezo ndi Njira Zoyesera Zoletsa Moto
Miyezo yokhudzana ndi kuyesa moto cholinga chake ndi kudziwa momwe chinthucho chimagwirira ntchito pokhudzana ndi moto, utsi, ndi poizoni (FST). Mayeso angapo agwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuti adziwe kukana kwa zinthuzo ku mikhalidwe iyi.
Mayeso Osankhidwa a Zoletsa Moto
| Kukana Kutentha | |
| ASTM D635 | "Chiwerengero cha Kutentha kwa Mapulasitiki" |
| ASTM E162 | "Kuyaka kwa Zipangizo za Pulasitiki" |
| UL 94 | "Kuyaka kwa Zipangizo za Pulasitiki" |
| ISO 5657 | "Kusayatsa kwa Zinthu Zomangira" |
| BS 6853 | "Kufalitsa Moto" |
| KUTHAMANGA 25.853 | "Muyezo Woyenera Kuyenda Pandege - Malo Osungira Zinthu Zamkati mwa Zipinda" |
| NF T 51-071 | "Chiwerengero cha Mpweya" |
| NF C 20-455 | "Kuyesa kwa Waya Wowala" |
| DIN 53438 | "Kufalitsa Moto" |
| Kukana Kutentha Kwambiri | |
| BS 476 Gawo Nambala 7 | "Kufalikira kwa Moto Pamwamba - Zipangizo Zomangira" |
| DIN 4172 | "Makhalidwe a Moto a Zipangizo Zomangira" |
| ASTM E648 | "Zophimba Pansi - Chophimba Chowala" |
| Kuopsa kwa poizoni | |
| SMP 800C | "Kuyesa Poizoni" |
| BS 6853 | "Kutulutsa Utsi" |
| NF X 70-100 | "Kuyesa Poizoni" |
| ATS 1000.01 | "Kuchuluka kwa Utsi" |
| Kupanga Utsi | |
| BS 6401 | "Kuchuluka Kwapadera kwa Utsi" |
| BS 6853 | "Kutulutsa Utsi" |
| NES 711 | "Chiwerengero cha Utsi wa Zinthu Zoyaka" |
| ASTM D2843 | "Kuchuluka kwa Utsi Chifukwa cha Mapulasitiki Oyaka" |
| ISO CD5659 | "Kuchuluka Kwapadera kwa Mawonekedwe - Kupanga Utsi" |
| ATS 1000.01 | "Kuchuluka kwa Utsi" |
| DIN 54837 | "Kupanga Utsi" |
Kuyesa Kukana Kutentha
Mu mayeso ambiri omwe amayesa kukana kuyaka, zomatira zoyenera ndi zomwe sizimayaka kwa nthawi yayitali mutachotsa gwero la kuyaka. Mu mayeso awa, chitsanzo cha zomatira zotsukidwa chingayakedwe popanda chomatira chilichonse (chomatiracho chimayesedwa ngati filimu yaulere).
Ngakhale kuti njira iyi siitsanzira zenizeni zenizeni, imapereka deta yothandiza pa kukana kwa guluu ku moto.
Zitsanzo za kapangidwe ka guluu ndi guluu zitha kuyesedwanso. Zotsatirazi zitha kuwonetsa bwino momwe guluu limagwirira ntchito pamoto weniweni popeza zomwe guluu limapatsa zitha kukhala zabwino kapena zoipa.
Mayeso Oyaka Oyimirira a UL-94
Imapereka kuwunika koyambirira kwa momwe ma polima omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zamagetsi, zida zamagetsi, zida zamagetsi, ndi ntchito zina amagwirira ntchito. Imafotokoza za momwe kuyatsa kumagwirira ntchito, kuchuluka kwa kuyaka, kufalikira kwa malawi, kuchuluka kwa mafuta, mphamvu ya kuyaka, ndi zinthu zomwe zimayaka.
Kugwira Ntchito ndi Kukhazikitsa - Mu mayeso awa, chitsanzo cha filimu kapena chophimbidwa chimayikidwa molunjika m'chipinda chopanda mpweya. Choyatsira chimayikidwa pansi pa chitsanzo kwa masekondi 10 ndipo nthawi yoyaka imawerengedwa. Kudontha kulikonse komwe kumayatsa thonje la opaleshoni lomwe limayikidwa mainchesi 12 pansi pa chitsanzocho kumawonedwa.
Mayesowa ali ndi magulu angapo:
94 V-0: Palibe chitsanzo chomwe chimayaka moto kwa masekondi opitilira 10 chitayatsidwa. Zitsanzo sizimayaka mpaka kufika pa chogwirira, sizimadontha ndi kuyatsa thonje, kapena zimakhala ndi kuyaka kowala komwe kumapitirira kwa masekondi 30 chitayatsidwa moto woyesera.
94 V-1: Palibe chitsanzo chomwe chiyenera kuyaka kwa masekondi opitilira 30 pambuyo pa kuyaka kulikonse. Zitsanzo sizimayaka mpaka kufika pa chogwirira chogwirira, sizimadontha ndi kuyatsa thonje, kapena zimakhala ndi kuwala kwa masekondi opitilira 60.
94 V-2: Izi zikuphatikizapo miyezo yofanana ndi V-1, kupatula kuti zitsanzozo zimaloledwa kudontha ndikuyatsa thonje pansi pa chitsanzocho.
Njira Zina Zoyezera Kukana Kutentha
Njira ina yoyezera kukana kuyaka kwa chinthu ndi kuyeza index ya okosijeni yocheperako (LOI). LOI ndi kuchuluka kochepa kwa okosijeni komwe kumawonetsedwa ngati kuchuluka kwa voliyumu ya okosijeni ndi nayitrogeni komwe kumathandizira kuyaka kwa chinthu poyamba kutentha kwa chipinda.
Kukana kwa guluu ku kutentha kwambiri pakagwa moto kumafunika kuganizira kwambiri kupatulapo moto, utsi, ndi zotsatira zake za poizoni. Nthawi zambiri gawo lapansi limateteza guluu ku moto. Komabe, ngati guluu limasuka kapena kuwonongeka chifukwa cha kutentha kwa moto, cholumikiziracho chingalephereke zomwe zimapangitsa kuti gawo lapansi ndi guluu zilekanitsidwe. Ngati izi zitachitika, guluu palokha limaonekera pamodzi ndi gawo lina. Malo atsopanowa amatha kuwonjezera moto.
Chipinda cha utsi cha NIST (ASTM D2843, BS 6401) chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo onse amafakitale pofufuza utsi wopangidwa ndi zinthu zolimba ndi ma assemblies omwe amaikidwa pamalo oyima mkati mwa chipinda chotsekedwa. Kuchuluka kwa utsi kumayesedwa ndi kuwala.
Pamene guluu waikidwa pakati pa magawo awiri, kukana moto ndi kutentha kwa magawowo kumayang'anira kuwonongeka ndi kutulutsa utsi kwa guluu.
Mu mayeso a kuchuluka kwa utsi, zomatira zimatha kuyesedwa zokha ngati chophimba chopanda utsi kuti zipangitse vuto lalikulu.
Pezani Galasi Loyenera Loletsa Moto
Onani mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zoletsa moto zomwe zikupezeka pamsika masiku ano, santhulani zambiri zaukadaulo za chinthu chilichonse, pezani thandizo laukadaulo kapena pemphani zitsanzo.
TF-101, TF-201, TF-AMP
