Zoletsa moto Mabanja a nsalu
Zinthu zoletsa moto nthawi zambiri zimawonjezeredwa ku zinthu zomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito kuti zikwaniritse miyezo yotha kuyaka ya mipando, nsalu, zamagetsi, ndi zinthu zomangira monga zotetezera kutentha.
Nsalu zosagwira moto zitha kukhala za mitundu iwiri: ulusi wachilengedwe wosagwira moto kapena wothiridwa mankhwala osagwira moto. Nsalu zambiri zimatha kuyaka moto mosavuta ndipo zimakhala zoopsa pokhapokha ngati zathiridwa mankhwala oletsa moto.
Zinthu zoletsa moto ndi gulu losiyanasiyana la mankhwala omwe amawonjezeredwa makamaka ku zinthu zopangidwa ndi nsalu kuti apewe kapena kuchedwetsa kufalikira kwa moto. Mabanja akuluakulu a zinthu zoletsa moto zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumakampani opanga nsalu ndi awa: 1. Halogens (Bromine ndi Chlorine); 2. Phosphorus; 3. Nayitrogeni; 4. Phosphorus ndi Nayitrogeni
Ma BFR amagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa moto m'magetsi ndi zida zamagetsi. Mwachitsanzo m'makoma a ma TV ndi ma monitor a makompyuta, ma circuit board osindikizidwa, zingwe zamagetsi ndi ma insulation thovu.
Mu makampani opanga nsalu, ma BFR amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nsalu zophimba kumbuyo kwa makatani, mipando ndi mipando yophimbidwa ndi upholstery. Zitsanzo ndi ma Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) ndi ma Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs).
Ma BFR akupitilizabe kukhalapo m'chilengedwe ndipo pali nkhawa za zoopsa zomwe mankhwala awa angabweretse ku thanzi la anthu. Ma BFR ambiri saloledwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mu 2023, ECHA idawonjezera zinthu zina pamndandanda wa SVHC, monga TBBPA (CAS 79-94-7), BTBPE (CAS 37853-59-1).
Gulu ili limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu ma polima ndi ulusi wa cellulose wa nsalu. Makamaka mwa zinthu zoletsa moto za organophosphorus zopanda halogen, ma phosphates a triaryl (omwe ali ndi mphete zitatu za benzene zomwe zimamangiriridwa ku gulu lomwe lili ndi phosphorous) amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira ina m'malo mwa zinthu zoletsa moto za brominated. Zinthu zoletsa moto za Organophosphorus nthawi zina zimakhala ndi bromine kapena chlorine.
Muyezo wa chitetezo cha zoseweretsa EN 71-9 umaletsa zinthu ziwiri zapadera zoletsa moto wa phosphate muzinthu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'zoseweretsa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zoseweretsa za ana osakwana zaka 3. Zinthu ziwirizi zoletsa moto zimapezeka kwambiri muzinthu zopangidwa ndi nsalu zomwe zimakutidwa ndi pulasitiki monga PVC kuposa nsalu yokha. Tri-o-cresyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate yoopsa kwambiri, ndi yocheperako kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuposa tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate.
Zinthu zoletsa moto wa nayitrogeni zimachokera ku melamine yeniyeni kapena zinthu zake, mwachitsanzo mchere wokhala ndi ma asidi achilengedwe kapena osapangidwa. Melamine yeniyeni ngati chinthu choletsa moto imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa thovu losinthasintha la polyurethane loletsa moto pa mipando yophimbidwa m'nyumba, mipando yamagalimoto/magalimoto ndi mipando ya ana. Zinthu zotsalira za melamine monga FRs zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga komanso pazida zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi.
Zinthu zoletsa moto zimawonjezedwa dala kuti ziwonjezere chitetezo cha nsalu.
Onetsetsani kuti mupewe zinthu zilizonse zoletsa moto zomwe zili ndi malire kapena zoletsedwa. Mu 2023, ECHA idalemba Melamine (CAS 108-78-1) mu SVHC
Zoletsa moto zopanda halogen ku Taifeng zochokera ku Phosphorus ndi Nayitrogeni pa nsalu ndi ulusi.
Mayankho a Taifeng halogen a nsalu ndi ulusi amapereka chitetezo pamoto popanda kupanga zoopsa zatsopano pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala owopsa akale. Timapereka zinthu zotetezera moto zopangidwa mwaluso kuti zipange ulusi wa viscose/rayon komanso zosakaniza zabwino kwambiri zotetezera nsalu ndi chikopa chopangidwa. Ponena za nsalu zophimba kumbuyo, kufalikira kokonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumatha kupirira moto ngakhale mutatsuka ndi kupukuta nthawi zambiri.
Chitetezo cha moto cholimba, ubwino waukulu wa yankho lathu la nsalu ndi ulusi.
Choletsa moto nsalu chimapangidwa ndi choletsa moto pambuyo pa chithandizo.
Mtundu wa nsalu zotchingira moto: zotchingira moto kwakanthawi kochepa, zotchingira moto pang'ono komanso zotchingira moto zolimba (zokhazikika).
Njira yosakhalitsa yoletsa moto: gwiritsani ntchito chomaliza choletsa moto chosungunuka m'madzi, monga ammonium polyphosphate yosungunuka m'madzi, ndikuchiyika mofanana pa nsalu poyiviika, kuphimba, kutsuka kapena kupopera, ndi zina zotero, ndipo chidzakhala ndi mphamvu yoletsa moto mukawumitsa. Ndi yoyenera. Ndi yotsika mtengo komanso yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito pazinthu zomwe sizifunika kutsukidwa kapena kutsukidwa kawirikawiri, monga makatani ndi mithunzi ya dzuwa, koma sizimalimbana ndi kutsuka.
Pogwiritsa ntchito yankho la APP losungunuka m'madzi la 10%-20%, TF-301, TF-303 zonse zili bwino. Yankho la madzi ndi loyera komanso lopanda PH. Malinga ndi pempho la choletsa moto, kasitomala akhoza kusintha kuchuluka kwa madzi.
Njira yochepetsera moto yosatha: Izi zikutanthauza kuti nsalu yomalizidwayo imatha kupirira kutsukidwa pang'ono kwa nthawi 10-15 ndipo imakhalabe ndi mphamvu yochepetsera moto, koma siilimbana ndi sopo wotentha kwambiri. Njirayi ndi yoyenera kukongoletsa nsalu zamkati, mipando yamagalimoto, zophimba, ndi zina zotero.
TF-201 imapereka chida choletsa moto chotsika mtengo, chosapanga halogenated, chopangidwa ndi phosphorous chogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zophimba ndi zophimba nsalu. TF-201, TF-201S, TF-211, TF-212 ndi choyenera kuphimba nsalu. Nsalu yoletsa moto yokhazikika. Mahema akunja, makapeti, zophimba makoma, mipando yoletsa moto (mkati mwa magalimoto, maboti, sitima ndi ndege) magaleta a ana, makatani, zovala zoteteza.
Fomu Yotumizidwa
| Amoniun | Emulsion ya Acrylic | Wothandizira Kubalalitsa | Wothandizira Kunyoza | Wothandizira Kukhuthala |
| 35 | 63.7 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 1.0 |
Njira yomaliza yolimba yosayatsa moto: Chiwerengero cha zovala zotsukira chikhoza kufika nthawi zoposa 50, ndipo chikhoza kutsukidwa ndi sopo. Ndi yoyenera nsalu zotsukidwa kawirikawiri, monga zovala zodzitetezera kuntchito, zovala zozimitsira moto, mahema, matumba, ndi zinthu zapakhomo.
Chifukwa cha nsalu yotchinga moto monga nsalu ya Oxford yotchinga moto, siiyaka, siitentha kwambiri, siitentha kwambiri, siisungunuka, siidontha madzi, komanso ndi yamphamvu kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani opanga zombo, kulumikiza zitsulo zazikulu pamalopo komanso kukonza magetsi, zida zoteteza zolumikizira mpweya, makampani opanga mankhwala, zitsulo, malo ochitira zisudzo, malo ogulitsira zinthu zazikulu, masitolo akuluakulu, mahotela ndi malo ena opezeka anthu ambiri okhala ndi mpweya wokwanira, zida zopewera moto komanso zoteteza.
TF-211, TF-212, ndi yabwino kwambiri pa nsalu yolimba yomwe siigwiritsa ntchito moto. Ndikofunikira kuwonjezera chophimba chomwe sichilowa madzi.
Miyezo yoletsa moto ya nsalu m'maiko osiyanasiyana
Nsalu zoletsa moto zimatanthauza nsalu zomwe zimatha kuzimitsa zokha mkati mwa masekondi awiri kuchokera pamene lawi latuluka ngakhale litayaka ndi lawi lotseguka. Malinga ndi dongosolo lowonjezera zinthu zoletsa moto, pali mitundu iwiri ya nsalu zoletsa moto zomwe zimakonzedwa kale ndi nsalu zoletsa moto zomwe zimakonzedwa pambuyo pa lawi. Kugwiritsa ntchito nsalu zoletsa moto kumatha kuchedwetsa kufalikira kwa moto, makamaka kugwiritsa ntchito nsalu zoletsa moto m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri kungapewe kuwonongeka kwambiri.
Kugwiritsa ntchito nsalu zoletsa moto kungachedwetse kufalikira kwa moto, makamaka kugwiritsa ntchito nsalu zoletsa moto m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri kungapewe kuwonongeka kwambiri. Zofunikira pa ntchito yoyaka ya nsalu m'dziko langa makamaka zimaperekedwa pa zovala zodzitetezera, nsalu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri, komanso mkati mwa magalimoto.
Muyezo woletsa moto wa nsalu yaku Britain
1. BS7177 (BS5807) ndi yoyenera nsalu monga mipando ndi matiresi m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri ku UK. Zofunikira zapadera pakugwira ntchito kwa moto, njira zoyesera zolimba. Motowu wagawidwa m'magulu asanu ndi atatu a moto kuyambira 0 mpaka 7, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi milingo inayi yotetezera moto ya zoopsa zochepa, zapakati, zapamwamba komanso zapamwamba kwambiri.
2. BS7175 ndi yoyenera miyezo yodzitetezera ku moto yokhazikika m'mahotela, malo osangalalira ndi malo ena odzaza anthu. Mayesowa amafuna kupitilira mitundu iwiri kapena kuposerapo ya mayeso a Schedule4Part1 ndi Schedule5Part1.
3. BS7176 ndi yoyenera nsalu zophimba mipando, zomwe zimafuna kukana moto komanso kukana madzi. Pa nthawi yoyesera, nsalu ndi zodzaza zimafunika kuti zigwirizane ndi Ndondomeko 4Gawo 1, Ndondomeko 5Gawo 1, kuchuluka kwa utsi, poizoni ndi zizindikiro zina zoyesera. Ndi muyezo wokhwima kwambiri woteteza moto pa mipando yokhala ndi mipando yophimbidwa kuposa BS7175 (BS5852).
4. BS5452 imagwira ntchito pa nsalu zogona ndi mapilo m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri ku Britain komanso mipando yonse yochokera kunja. Ndikofunikira kuti ikhalebe yotetezeka pamoto mukatha kutsuka kapena kuyeretsa nthawi 50.
5. BS5438 mndandanda: Ma pajamas a ana a ku Britain BS5722; Zofunda za ku Britain BS5815.3; Makatani a ku Britain BS6249.1B.
Nsalu ya ku America Yotetezera Moto
1. CA-117 ndi muyezo wodziwika bwino woteteza moto womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi kokha ku United States. Siumafuna kuyezetsa pambuyo pa madzi ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nsalu zambiri zomwe zimatumizidwa ku United States.
2. CS-191 ndiye muyezo wodzitetezera ku moto wa zovala zodzitetezera ku United States, zomwe zimagogomezera magwiridwe antchito amoto kwa nthawi yayitali komanso kumasuka kuvala. Ukadaulo wokonza nthawi zambiri umakhala njira yopangira zinthu ziwiri kapena njira yopangira zinthu zambiri, yomwe ili ndi luso lapamwamba komanso phindu lowonjezera.
